Reformatory
By the late 19th Century, outrage over prison conditions led to the "reformatory" movement, which attempted to redefine prison's role as that of "reforming" inmates into model citizens, by providing education, work, and counseling. The prison was once again in the midst of undergoing major changes. The evolution of the prison system was led by its many issues;
-Size
-Capacity
-Incarceration of women, children, and men.
-prison conditions
Children were separated out from adult prisoners for the first time, although so little accountability was built into early juvenile-justice systems that conditions rapidly became far worse than those for adults. And again, despite the curricula and activities of the reformatory movement, prison conditions deteriorated to a struggle for control in inhumane and hostile conditions.
-Size
-Capacity
-Incarceration of women, children, and men.
-prison conditions
Children were separated out from adult prisoners for the first time, although so little accountability was built into early juvenile-justice systems that conditions rapidly became far worse than those for adults. And again, despite the curricula and activities of the reformatory movement, prison conditions deteriorated to a struggle for control in inhumane and hostile conditions.
The Emergence of Federal Prisons
Until the late 19th century, the U.S government housed its prisoners in state penitentiaries. The number of inmates in state prisons doubled rapidly. In 1891 Congress became apart of the prison construction business and in 1897 the first federal was built.
The second federal prison was built in Atlanta in 1902. This was the first prison to have feeding in a dining hall and to have correctional officers work 8 hour shifts.
The first women institution was built in 1928 in Alderson, West Virginia.
In 1934 Alcatraz prison was built to house the worst of the worst. This prison isolated prisoners by placing them on what many considered to be an island off the bay of San Fransisco. In 1937 Alcatraz housed 1557 inmates when the nations average was only 302. Thirty years later Alcatraz Prison was shut down and a new federal facility was built in Marion, IL.
The second federal prison was built in Atlanta in 1902. This was the first prison to have feeding in a dining hall and to have correctional officers work 8 hour shifts.
The first women institution was built in 1928 in Alderson, West Virginia.
In 1934 Alcatraz prison was built to house the worst of the worst. This prison isolated prisoners by placing them on what many considered to be an island off the bay of San Fransisco. In 1937 Alcatraz housed 1557 inmates when the nations average was only 302. Thirty years later Alcatraz Prison was shut down and a new federal facility was built in Marion, IL.
change in prisons
Prison architecture continues to evolve based on each society’s social climate and sociological demands. Early prison design reflected modern imprisonment’s origins in monasteries. Modern prison design derives many of its foundations in modern concepts of punishment, such as deprivation of liberty through austerity and lack of privacy.(Hirsch. 1992)
The implications of prison architecture, however, encompass far more than the mere idea of punishment, including effects on the health of inmates and custodial workers. Little attention is paid to the healthy living environments for prisoners. Prison architecture is therefore a likely undervalued but important contributor to prisoners’ health.
During the 1950's, inmate riots where on the rise. Staff were at a higher risk of being physically harm, living conditions were getting worse, and The American Prison Association was to blame for it all. Riots were initiated because of:
- Lack of financial support
-official indifference
-overcrowding
-unwise sentencing
In the early 1960's prisoners sought change while being incarcerated. Prison conditions were unfit for any human to live in and as a result, the civil rights of these inmates were violated. The writ of habeas corpus gave inmates an opportunity to seek better conditions.
The implications of prison architecture, however, encompass far more than the mere idea of punishment, including effects on the health of inmates and custodial workers. Little attention is paid to the healthy living environments for prisoners. Prison architecture is therefore a likely undervalued but important contributor to prisoners’ health.
During the 1950's, inmate riots where on the rise. Staff were at a higher risk of being physically harm, living conditions were getting worse, and The American Prison Association was to blame for it all. Riots were initiated because of:
- Lack of financial support
-official indifference
-overcrowding
-unwise sentencing
In the early 1960's prisoners sought change while being incarcerated. Prison conditions were unfit for any human to live in and as a result, the civil rights of these inmates were violated. The writ of habeas corpus gave inmates an opportunity to seek better conditions.
Supermax Prisons
Supermax Prisons were designed to house the worst of the worst. These prisons are commonly referred to as "control unit prisons". Inmates in these prisons are housed here for behavioral issues, severity of their offense, and being "high-profiled".
The Alcatraz Prison is viewed as the protype for SuperMax Prisons.
Alabama
Holman Correctional Facility - Atmore, Alabama
Arizona
ASPC-Eyman, SMU I - Florence, Arizona
ASPC-Eyman, Browning Unit (Previously SMU II) - Florence, Arizona
United States Penitentiary - Tucson, Arizona
Arkansas
Varner Supermax - Lincoln County, Arkansas
California
United States Penitentiary - Atwater, California
Pelican Bay State Prison - Crescent City, California
Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary - San Francisco, California (Closed March 21, 1963)
California Correctional Institution, Tehachapi, California
High Desert State Prison - Susanville, California
Colorado
Colorado State Penitentiary - Cañon City, Colorado
U.S. Penitentiary Florence ADMAX (Administrative Maximum) Facility - Florence, Colorado (entirely supermax)
Connecticut
Northern Correctional Institution - Somers, Connecticut
Florida
United States Penitentiary - Coleman, Florida
Florida State Prison - Raiford, Florida
Georgia
United States Penitentiary - Atlanta, Georgia
Idaho
Idaho Maximum Security Institution - Boise, Idaho
Illinois
United States Penitentiary - Marion, Illinois (Downgraded to a medium-security facility in September 2006)[20]
Tamms Correctional Center - Tamms, Illinois (Closed January 2013)
Indiana
Wabash Valley Correctional Facility, SHU - Carlisle, Indiana
United States Penitentiary - Terre Haute, Indiana
Westville Correctional Facility, WCU - Westville, Indiana
Kansas
United States Disciplinary Barracks - Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (military prison)
United States Penitentiary - Leavenworth, Kansas (being downgraded to medium security)
El Dorado Correctional Facility - El Dorado, Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky State Penitentiary - Eddyville, Kentucky (the only prison in Kentucky housing supermax units)
Louisiana
Louisiana State Penitentiary - West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
United States Penitentiary Pollock
Maine
Maine State Prison - Warren, Maine
Maryland
Maryland Correctional Adjustment Center - Baltimore, Maryland
North Branch Correctional Institution - Cumberland, Maryland (final housing unit began operation in summer of 2008)
Massachusetts
Souza-Baranowski Correctional Center- Shirley, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Correctional Institution - Cedar Junction - Walpole, Massachusetts
Minnesota
Minnesota Correctional Facility Oak Park Heights - Oak Park Heights, Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi State Penitentiary - Sunflower County, Mississippi (Unit 32)[21]
Missouri
Jefferson City Correctional Center - Jefferson City, Missouri
New Hampshire
New Hampshire State Prison - Men - Concord, New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey State Prison - Trenton, New Jersey
East Jersey State Prison (Rahway) - Woodbridge, New Jersey
Northern State Prison - Newark, New Jersey
Essex County Correctional Facility - Newark, New Jersey
New Mexico
Penitentiary of New Mexico - unincorporated Santa Fe County, New Mexico - Uses the Bureau Classification System - Level 6 being Supermax
New York
Attica Correctional Facility-Attica, New York
Upstate Correctional Facility - Malone, New York
Sing Sing Correctional Facility - Ossining, New York
Southport Correctional Facility - (disciplinary supermax prison with only solitary confinement), Pine City, New York
Ohio
Ohio State Penitentiary - Youngstown, Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State Penitentiary - McAlester, Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon State Penitentiary - Salem, Oregon
Pennsylvania
United States Penitentiary - Allenwood, Pennsylvania
United States Penitentiary - Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
State Correctional Institution Greene - Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Riverbend Maximum Security Institution - Nashville, Tennessee
Texas
United States Penitentiary - Jefferson County, Texas[citation needed]
Estelle High Security Unit - W.J. Estelle Unit - Walker County, Texas[22]
Allan B. Polunsky Unit (formerly Terrell Unit) - West Livingston, Texas[23]
Utah
Utah State Prison - Draper, Utah
Virginia
Wallens Ridge State Prison - Big Stone Gap, Virginia
Red Onion State Prison - Wise County, Virginia
Washington
Clallam Bay Corrections Center IMU
Monroe Corrections Complex IMU
Stafford Creek Corrections Center IMU
Washington Corrections Center IMU
Washington State Penitentiary IMU
West Virginia
Mt. Olive Correctional Complex - Fayette County, West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Secure Program Facility - Boscobel, Wisconsin
The Alcatraz Prison is viewed as the protype for SuperMax Prisons.
Alabama
Holman Correctional Facility - Atmore, Alabama
Arizona
ASPC-Eyman, SMU I - Florence, Arizona
ASPC-Eyman, Browning Unit (Previously SMU II) - Florence, Arizona
United States Penitentiary - Tucson, Arizona
Arkansas
Varner Supermax - Lincoln County, Arkansas
California
United States Penitentiary - Atwater, California
Pelican Bay State Prison - Crescent City, California
Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary - San Francisco, California (Closed March 21, 1963)
California Correctional Institution, Tehachapi, California
High Desert State Prison - Susanville, California
Colorado
Colorado State Penitentiary - Cañon City, Colorado
U.S. Penitentiary Florence ADMAX (Administrative Maximum) Facility - Florence, Colorado (entirely supermax)
Connecticut
Northern Correctional Institution - Somers, Connecticut
Florida
United States Penitentiary - Coleman, Florida
Florida State Prison - Raiford, Florida
Georgia
United States Penitentiary - Atlanta, Georgia
Idaho
Idaho Maximum Security Institution - Boise, Idaho
Illinois
United States Penitentiary - Marion, Illinois (Downgraded to a medium-security facility in September 2006)[20]
Tamms Correctional Center - Tamms, Illinois (Closed January 2013)
Indiana
Wabash Valley Correctional Facility, SHU - Carlisle, Indiana
United States Penitentiary - Terre Haute, Indiana
Westville Correctional Facility, WCU - Westville, Indiana
Kansas
United States Disciplinary Barracks - Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (military prison)
United States Penitentiary - Leavenworth, Kansas (being downgraded to medium security)
El Dorado Correctional Facility - El Dorado, Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky State Penitentiary - Eddyville, Kentucky (the only prison in Kentucky housing supermax units)
Louisiana
Louisiana State Penitentiary - West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
United States Penitentiary Pollock
Maine
Maine State Prison - Warren, Maine
Maryland
Maryland Correctional Adjustment Center - Baltimore, Maryland
North Branch Correctional Institution - Cumberland, Maryland (final housing unit began operation in summer of 2008)
Massachusetts
Souza-Baranowski Correctional Center- Shirley, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Correctional Institution - Cedar Junction - Walpole, Massachusetts
Minnesota
Minnesota Correctional Facility Oak Park Heights - Oak Park Heights, Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi State Penitentiary - Sunflower County, Mississippi (Unit 32)[21]
Missouri
Jefferson City Correctional Center - Jefferson City, Missouri
New Hampshire
New Hampshire State Prison - Men - Concord, New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey State Prison - Trenton, New Jersey
East Jersey State Prison (Rahway) - Woodbridge, New Jersey
Northern State Prison - Newark, New Jersey
Essex County Correctional Facility - Newark, New Jersey
New Mexico
Penitentiary of New Mexico - unincorporated Santa Fe County, New Mexico - Uses the Bureau Classification System - Level 6 being Supermax
New York
Attica Correctional Facility-Attica, New York
Upstate Correctional Facility - Malone, New York
Sing Sing Correctional Facility - Ossining, New York
Southport Correctional Facility - (disciplinary supermax prison with only solitary confinement), Pine City, New York
Ohio
Ohio State Penitentiary - Youngstown, Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State Penitentiary - McAlester, Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon State Penitentiary - Salem, Oregon
Pennsylvania
United States Penitentiary - Allenwood, Pennsylvania
United States Penitentiary - Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
State Correctional Institution Greene - Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Riverbend Maximum Security Institution - Nashville, Tennessee
Texas
United States Penitentiary - Jefferson County, Texas[citation needed]
Estelle High Security Unit - W.J. Estelle Unit - Walker County, Texas[22]
Allan B. Polunsky Unit (formerly Terrell Unit) - West Livingston, Texas[23]
Utah
Utah State Prison - Draper, Utah
Virginia
Wallens Ridge State Prison - Big Stone Gap, Virginia
Red Onion State Prison - Wise County, Virginia
Washington
Clallam Bay Corrections Center IMU
Monroe Corrections Complex IMU
Stafford Creek Corrections Center IMU
Washington Corrections Center IMU
Washington State Penitentiary IMU
West Virginia
Mt. Olive Correctional Complex - Fayette County, West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Secure Program Facility - Boscobel, Wisconsin